7/23/2023 0 Comments Emulsion liquid![]() Microemulsions form spontaneously and are thermodynamically stable. Nanoemulsions are nano-sized emulsions, manufactured for improving the delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. For oral administration, the compound may be given in the form of a tablet, capsule, granule, or powder. Fat emulsions serve as dietary complements for patients who cannot get the required fat solely from their diet. Intravenous and parenteral emulsions may be used for nutritive therapy applications when a patient is unable to consume food or receive nutrition. They are used to make medications more palatable, to improve their effectiveness via dosage control of active ingredients, and to provide better aesthetics for topical drugs such as ointments. Emulsions allow the encapsulation of an active ingredient in the dispersed phase, to protect it from degradation and to preserve its activity in a sustained manner. These emulsions are called creams, ointments, balms, pastes, films, or liquids, depending on their oil-to-water ratios, the addition of other additives, and their intended administration route. These are usually oil and water emulsions, albeit dispersed. ![]() Thus, hydrophilic surfactants foster O/W emulsions, whereas lipophilic surfactants promote W/O emulsions.Įmulsions are frequently used in pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene products, and cosmetics. Usually, the phase in which the surfactant exhibits the greatest solubility becomes the continuous phase. Industries use emulsifying agents, e.g., surfactants to maintain a static structure. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable as both the dispersed and continuous phases can revert as separate phases, oil, and water by fusion or the coalescing of droplets. In contrast, the emulsion has two liquid components that are initially immiscible with each other.Įmulsions, as liquids, do not demonstrate a static internal structure. The critical difference between colloid and emulsion is that colloid can form when any state of matter (solid, gas, or liquid) combine with a liquid. A colloid is a mixture of a compound that is in solid, liquid, or gas state and a liquid. The conclusions of this work can be extended to the removal of other types of pesticides from water.Emulsions are a sub-class of colloids, which are two-phase systems of matter.Īlthough the terms colloid and emulsion are at times used indistinctly, emulsion applies only when both phases, dispersed and continuous, are liquids. A study of extraction kinetics and estimation of mass transfer coefficient was also accomplished (3.89×10-9 m/s). ![]() A 10 min agitating time, 3% (v/v) Span 80 as a surfactant, 12700-rpm homogenizer speed, 0.25 M HCl as an internal phase concentration, and 5 min emulsification time are chosen to be the optimum parameters’ values. Experiments proved that using the resulting optimum values will maximize both extraction and stripping efficiencies (93.8% and 94.7% respectively), while minimizing the emulsion breakage (increasing the stability of emulsion) to 0.73% with no need to employ a carrier agent. Five parameters affecting the extraction have been studied: homogenizer speed, emulsification time, agitating time, surfactant concentration, and stripping phase concentration taking into consideration the emulsion breaking. The current paper focuses on assessing key parameters affecting the extraction of Chlorpyrifos as well as emulsion stability using the emulsion liquid membrane technology.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |